Insemination

Conventional IVF (cIVF): oocytes and spermatozoa, at a controlled concentration, are mixed and co-cultured in a dish to facilitate fertilization.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): in this technique, a single spermatozoon is directly injected into an oocyte using an inverted microscope and specialized micromanipulation tools. ICSI is commonly used to address male infertility factors.