Andrology

Sperm analysis (spermiogram) includes both macroscopic and microscopic assessments to evaluate sperm quality. Notably, the spermiogram is recognized in the WHO 6th Edition Manual as a “sentinel” of general male health

Sperm preparation protocols vary based on the assisted reproduction technology (ART) procedure, as well as sperm concentration and quality. These protocols aim to enhance spermatozoa selection by isolating the most motile and morphologically normal, eliminating debris, dead spermatozoa and seminal plasma and concentrating sperm to optimal levels for the intended technique

Below are the key sperm preparation protocols according to 6^th WHO manual used in ART, tailored to different procedures and sperm concentrations:

1. Swim up
2. Simple washing
3. Double density gradient
4. Magnetic activating cell sorting (MACS)